Oppressed Caribbean Culture Essay

Caribbean culture, in so far as it is conceded to exist, is at once the cause, occasion, and result of evolved and evolving paradoxes. The psychic inheritance of dynamic response to disparate elements interacting to find ideal, form, and purpose within set geographical boundaries over time could not have produced otherwise. The 1990s have witnessed no less of this, precisely because the decade serves to encapsulate contradictions in human development over the past half a millennium. The entire Caribbean, and indeed all of the modern Americas of which the Caribbean, like the United States, is only one part, are the creatures of the awesome process of cross-fertilization following on the encounters between the old civilizations of Europe, Africa, and Asia on foreign soil and they, in turn, with the old Amerindian civilizations developed on American soil long before Christopher Columbus set foot on it. It is a development that has helped to shape the history and modern condition of the world for some half a millennium and one that has resulted in distinctive culture-spheres in the Western hemisphere, each claiming its own inner logic and consistency. The Caribbean, at the core of which are a number of island nations, themselves in sub-regional groupings, is conscious of the dynamics of its development. For it rests firmly on the agonizing and challenging process actualized in simultaneous acts of negating and affirming, demolishing and constructing, rejecting and reshaping. Nowhere is this more evident that in the creative arts, themselves a strong index of a people’s cultural distinctiveness and identity. Admittedly, other indices of culture such as linguistic communication, which underpins the oral and indigenous scribal literatures of the region, religion, and kinship patterns, reveal the texture and internal diversity that are the result of cross-fertilization of differing elements. The result is an emerging lifestyle, worldview, and a nascent ontology and epistemology that all speak to Caribbean historical experience and existential reality, in some cases struggling to gain currency and legitimacy worldwide (and even among some of its own people) for being native-born and nativebred. For this is the original meaning of â€Å"Creole. † Whites born in the American colonies were regarded as â€Å"creoles† by their metropolitan cousins. And the Jamaican-born slaves were similarly differentiated from their â€Å"salt-water Negro† colleagues freshly brought in from West Africa. The term was soon to be hijacked by or attributed to the mulatto (half-caste) who defiantly claimed certified rootedness in the colonies–a status not as easily claimed by the person of African or European descent whose ancestry lay elsewhere, it was felt, other than in the Caribbean or the Americas. An understanding of the shared human thirst for freedom in terms of its cultural significance is critical. For the impulses that drive the Caribbean people (like people anywhere) to freedom within nation states, to the right to choose their own friends and political systems, and to independent paths to development are the same impulses that drive them to the creation of their own music, their own languages and literature, their own gods and religious belief-systems, their own kinship patterns, modes of socialization, and self-perceptions. All plans made for them from outside must take this fact into account, whatever may be the dictates of military and strategic interests or the statistical logic of tabulated growth rates and gross national products. The Caribbean people, faced as they are with the post-colonial imperative of shaping civil society and building nations, expect to be taken seriously in terms of their proven capacities to act creatively in coordinated social interaction over centuries in the Americas. They feel passionately that their history and experience are worthy of theory and explanation and expect others to understand and appreciate this fact. They are unique, paradoxically because they are like everybody else. The Caribbean has been engaged in freedom struggles and its inhabitants have been at the job of creating their own languages, and designing their own appropriate lifestyles for as long as and, in some cases, longer than most parts of what became the United States. Recognition of this and the according of the status due such achievement is a prized wish of all Caribbean people–Black, White, Mestizo, Indian (indigenous and transplanted), Chinese, and Lebanese. By general critical consent, the principal women writers in English to emerge, so far, from the Caribbean are the properly varied trio of Jamaica Kincaid (Elaine Potter Richardson) and Jean Rhys. I say â€Å"properly varied† because the immensely mixed political and social history of the Caribbean is reflected by and in its writers. Kincaid, the most experimental of the three, is seen by her admirers as a deliberate subverted of Dead White European Male modes of narrative. Yet any reader deeply immersed in Western literature will recognize that prose poetry, Kincaid’s medium, always has been one of the staples of literary fantasy or mythological romance, including much of what we call â€Å"children’s literature. † Centering almost always upon the mother-daughter relationship, Kincaid returns us inevitably to perspectives familiar from our experience of the fantasy narratives of childhood. Kincaid genuinely expresses her regard to Caribbean as those that have been â€Å"creolized† into indigenous form and purpose distinctively different from the original elements from which those expressions first sprang. With some of those original elements, especially those from a European source, themselves reinforcing their claims on the region, whether through politics, economic control, or cultural penetration, the Caribbean is becoming even more conscious not only of its own unique expressions but also of the dynamism and nature of the process underlying these expressions. These in turn constitute the basis for the claims made for a Caribbean identity. Jean Rhys, of Creole Dominican descent, is a formidable contrast to Marshall and seems to me the major figure to emerge thus far among Caribbean women writers. Though she lived mostly in Paris and England, the imagination of Rhys came fully alive in her novel of 1966, Wide Sargasso Sea, a remarkable retelling of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre from the perspective of Bertha Mason, Rochester’s mad first wife. The terrifying predicament of the 19th-century Creole women of the West Indies, regarded as â€Å"white niggers† by colonialists and as European oppressors by blacks, is presented by Rhys with unforgettable poignancy and force. Shrewdly exploiting the modernist formal originalities of her mentor, Ford Maddox Ford, Rhys achieved a near masterpiece in Wide Sargasso Sea. Allusive, parodistic, and intensely wrought, the novel remains the most successful prose fiction in English to emerge from the Caribbean matrix. In Wide Sargasso Sea, the starting point is this placelessness. Although Rhys’s novel starts with Antoinette’s childhood in Coulibri, its boundaries lie outside the novel in another woman’s text. In Jane Eyre we have the madwoman Bertha locked up in the attic of Thornfield Hall. The significant title â€Å"Wide Sargasso Sea† refers to the dangers of the sea voyage. Rochester first crosses the Atlantic alone to a place which threatens to destroy him, then once more, bringing his new wife to England. Both Rochester and Antoinette are transformed through this passage. Rochester gives Antoinette a new name, Bertha, and in England she finally is locked up as mad. Rhys finds her own place in Jane Eyre, â€Å"a prisoner of another’s desire. † She sets out to describe that place and, in doing that, she redefines it as her own. In her challenge to Jane Eyre, Rhys draws on the collective experience of black people as sought out, uprooted, and transported across the Middle Passage and finally locked up and brutally exploited for economic gain. She uses this experience and the black forms of resistance as modes through which the madwoman in Jane Eyre is recreated. In the film version Wide Sargasso Sea develops stereotypes of Black West Indians that strongly mirror Bogle’s discussion of classic film depictions of African Americans. The inner stereotype in the film is that of the â€Å"tragic mulatto† which, the film hints, describes Angelique, the evidently White child who has been raised by Blacks. Although Angelique insists on her â€Å"Whiteness,† a menacing dark skinned stranger claims at diverse points in the film to be her brother through her father’s relationship with a slave. The viewer is left to consider whether the widowed plantation owner seen at the beginning of the film is actually Angelique’s mother. While it does not answer this question directly, it obviously shows through Angelique’s actions that her culture is far more African than European. These suspicions, actions, and Angelique’s reliance on the ex-slave Christophine ultimately destroy her marriage and drive her insane. Christophine, herself, fulfills the â€Å"mammy† role since the film portrays her as a constant presence who fiercely guards Angelique from all dangers. In the West Indian context, though, she is given a twist, as she is not only guardian angel but also a practitioner of the magical art of â€Å"obeah. † This portrayal — a staple of films dealing with the West Indies — is never completely developed. Nevertheless, the film permits us to witness its potency, as Angelique, despairing of keeping her husband’s love, calls on Christophine to develop a magical potion to bind his affections to hers. One opponent for those affections is Emily, a young Black servant who might well be characterized as a female â€Å"Black buck† — a sexual predator who seduces a married White man into interracial unfaithfulness. Finally, there is Nelson, the long-suffering head of the household who intimately approximates Bogle’s â€Å"Tom. In the film, insults of various sorts that are directed towards him result only in silence and a determination to remain a faithful servant. Though, in Dominican novelist Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), the island’s riotous vegetation and dramatic landscape are depicted with an ominous intensity that prompts the protagonist’s English husband to equate it with evil. Lally, the narrator of another Dominican classic, Phyllis Shand Allfrey The Orchid House ( 1953), faced with the menacing power the island’s nature exerts over Stella and Andrew, ruefully concludes that the island offered nothing but beauty and disease. Rhys’s protagonists, most evidently Antoinette in Wide Sargasso Sea, share a view of England as deadening, grey and emotionally destructive. England is a place of hypocrites, and the English have a ‘bloody, bloody sense of humour’. With a West Indian accent, she goes on, ‘and stupid, lord, lord’ (Wide Sargasso Sea: 134). But it remains Rhys’s place, the source of those English books which provided an early contribution to her construction of herself as writer. The idea of definitive national origin and affiliation is a source of anxiety for Rhys’s protagonists. For Rhys herself nationality was complicated by her exile and her race: also England did not value her Caribbean origins. For Rhys’s women, as perhaps for herself, England is also a place where human emotions, especially those associated with sexuality, are outlawed or repressed; she described sex in a letter of 1949 as a ‘strange Anglo-Saxon word’ (Abalos, David T. 1998, 66). Hemond Brown comments that Rhys’s attitude to England remained remarkably consistent over her whole writing career: ‘For those fifty-odd years, England meant to her everything she despised’ (Bandon, Alexandra. 1995). But despite this, she surely demonstrated in her characterisation of working-class English chorus girls and call girls and Rochester (perhaps informed by her important attachments to Lancelot Grey, Hugh Smith, Leslie Tilden Smith and Max Hamer, all upper- or middle-class Englishmen), that the poor Englishwoman and even the colonizing, socially secure Englishman have their own areas of serious emotional damage. She may have blown off steam sometimes, but in her fiction she took pains to be fair to the country which had both given her sustained literary identity and denied her dignity. In the Caribbean, complex racial narratives are the most powerful signifiers, although class increasingly reverberates now. In England, in Rhys’s lifetime, it was the class narrative which primarily constructed identity, though Rhys clearly writes the importance of race as a formative self-construction from her Dominican childhood. She sometimes sees race and class as equally important even in England, as in the case of Selina, who carries Rhys’s own outlaw status during an important period of her life. In the two explicitly Caribbean novels, Voyage in the Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea, race is evidently a major source of identity. Jean Rhys had long described the cultural dialectic of his region’s historical experience and contemporary reality in the following way: â€Å"But the tribe in bondage learned to fortify itself by cunning assimilation of the religion of the Old World. What seemed to be surrender was redemption. What seemed the loss of tradition was its renewal. What seemed the death of faith was its rebirth†. Caribbean existential reality is here portrayed as a creature of paradox. Surface appearances may well be masks for their opposites. What one sees is not likely to be what one gets. Other similar manuscript was in â€Å"Goodbye Mother† by Reinaldo Arenas, the grief inundated daughters Ofelia, Otilia, Odilia and Onelia kill themselves in front of their dead mum just for their cadavers to occasion a series of triumphant choruses from the legion of rats and maggots who feast on the putrefactory banquet. Neither of these authors, nor the evenly talented Rene Depestre and the former Dominican President Juan Bosch, is Anglophonic. It’s usually believed that the most excellent Caribbean literature in English consists of chronological polemics On the other hand Cristina Garcia novel â€Å"Dreaming In Cuban† tells the stories of the women of a Cuban family, scattered by revolution but still connected through a shared past. The narrative is polyphony of several voices who, in turn, describe their world from their viewpoint. Characters include Lourdes, an anti-Castro exile who runs a chain of â€Å"Yankee Doodle Bakeries,† and Felicia, whose perceptions connect and blur the lines between insanity and santeria. Pillar, Lourdes’s daughter and an aspiring punk artist, is determined to return to Cuba to reconnect with her grandmother and make her present life meaningful. She laments that history does not tell the important stories and longs to recover Cuba for herself: â€Å"[T]here’s only imagination where our history should be† (138). In the title of Dreaming in Cuban, â€Å"Dreaming† includes all the diverse dreams of Garcia’s female protagonists about the nature of being Cuban, what it is to be Cuban, to dream, not in American, but in Cuban. This necessitates Garcia’s taking into account all the conflicting elements of contemporary Cuban-ness for Cuban and Cuban American women. Amazingly, she never invalidates or disputes the diverse and conflicting perspectives of these different dreamers. She succeeds by giving readers a complexity of experience beyond binaries, where many diverse and conflicting perspectives circle around one another endlessly. These differences are constructed by differences in the various ideologies that the characters embrace communism, capitalism, traditional gender relations, voodoo, and feminism–and also by differences in their experiences due to varying historical locations in time and place.

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Cruise Ship And The Cruise Industry - 999 Words

Cruises are a blast and a fabulous way to vacation and explore the world, however cruises have a tainted reputation for being low wage, demanding sweat shops. This is an unfair and biased view of the cruise industry. Cruises, from Norwegian to Carnival, are considered to be a negative work environment and this is a simple view to adopt, thanks to articles such as Christopher Grant’s â€Å"The Fun Ship.† However, internet sources written by either current or retired cruise line workers often bestow glowing reviews similar to Nomadic Matt’s 2012 editorial. Both authors offer much to input into the discussion surrounding cruise ship ethics, especially surrounding parallels to pay and working conditions. Cruise ship pay structure appears to be horribly unfair. A number of cruise line employees are indeed hired from developing nations since cruise lines can pay them less (â€Å"What’s It Like to Actually Work on a Cruise Ship?†). By hiring immigrant workers the cruise ship industry transfers the impression of being unethical, particularly when the fact that pay rates are based on an employee’s home country average wage is taken into account. Thus an employee from the Philippines might net $1 an hour while a western European or American would undoubtedly earn far greater income. (Grant 955). This may now appear to be extremely unethical and in need of a federal intervention, nonetheless not so. Nomadic Matt’s article regarding working life on a cruise ship suggests that â€Å"this is much moreShow MoreRelatedThe Global Cruise Ship Industry1552 Words   |  7 Pages It is the first day of your Caribbean cruise vacation and you are overwhelmed with excitement. After months of anticipation you have arrived at the port of embarkation only to be welcomed by a line that circles around the arrival lounge. 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Levels of Health Promotions in Nursing Practice - 1043 Words

Running head: LEVELS OF HEALTH PROMOTIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE Levels of Health Promotions in Nursing Practice Patricia Hartman Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotions NRS429V July 15, 2012 Levels of Health Promotions in Nursing Practice Dimensions of the environment are not only physical but also psychosocial and spiritual care and involvement. Health promotions are identified as participation of individuals and family with care delivery. The community health profession teaches to improve environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health. The goal is to improve and maintain healthy habits through education and counseling, for individuals to take†¦show more content†¦Comparison of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary levels of Health Promotion Prevention Elder abuse and community nurse: supporting the patient Primary role of the community nurse is the assessment of the person’s home is pivotal. 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When Dealing with International Markets, It’s Also Imperative Free Essays

There is no doubt that if you deal with international markets, you should be familiar with their laws and regulation as they pertain to marketing. This is imperative and you should take it seriously. It must be god understanding in the law of the country where you launch a campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on When Dealing with International Markets, It’s Also Imperative or any similar topic only for you Order Now But it is not always possible to know all the nuances. So, what is right in this situation? On the one hand, some people consider that marketers must know and observe the regulations and laws of the country in which they operate. To my mind, it is the obvious facts. All advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Before launching a campaign in international markets, you should learn all the prohibitions and laws of this country, so you do not have problems with complaints about your advertising or marketing actions. On the other hand, some people believe that there should be common standards, rules and regulations for the global market. It is obvious that in order to learn the laws and prohibitions of the country where you launch a campaign, it is necessary to spend a lot of time and effort to get it right. In conclusion I would like to say that there is one rule you should pay attention to is to think local. Because now is the era of globalization and we live in a very localized world. To determine international advertising standards, you must be aware of the advertising laws, rules and regulations of each nation. How to cite When Dealing with International Markets, It’s Also Imperative, Essay examples

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An intriguing issue to look at in the migration aspect is the thing that happens when women get abandoned. Spouses who migrate leave their wives to take care of the family customarily a role held by men not withstanding caring for the wealth of their families. Payments sent by their husbands do not permit the women more adaptable work plan. Women have a tendency to invest the most time on family administration and raising children as opposed to on endeavoring to create a wage. Women then have a tendency likewise to work in independent work instead of in paid work. Therefore, migration affects the woman in that her family administration gets distorted (Cortes). There is however an alternate sensation, that of women abandoning their families and relocating to a wealthier nation to look after kids or the elderly in an alternate family. Like men, ladies relocate both to support their families and to accomplish their desires. Despite that, a woman leaving her family has a somewhat negative affect her children staying in the nation of origin of the lady. It mostly influences the regions like wellbeing, training, social relations and family attachment. Specifically, children abandoned have a tendency to experience enthusiastic flimsiness and poor instructive accomplishment. At times, it can much induce adolescent misconduct and have genuine outcomes for the social attachment of the whole community (Yen, Khoo Choon, et al.). Concerning consumption in the house it was observed that family units with female migrants use a considerable less expenditure on training than families without female migrants. It shows that the sex of the migrant has an effect on the instances of use when accepting payments. Also, it is fascinating to not only observe sex arrangement and differences in the way incomes get used, but also an alternate example among female-headed families. It is contingent on whether incomes got at global perspective. Case in point is that it was discovered that in Ghana, female-headed families getting income within get used a bigger measure of cash on training and wellbeing, though female-headed family units accepting global income used less cash on nourishment and more cash on durable products, for instance, housing and health. Finally, it was noted that when family units get income from a woman, there is less of the financial support assigned to instruction, while when family units get income from a man, more plan is devoted to training. It is clarified by the way men use less cash on training than ladies, likewise if the kids stay with the mother, less will be given to instruction and consumptions (Cortes). As far as entering the work market in the United States, ladies-migrants' get to depend on the training level and the amount of years used in the United States. The number of children and the marital status is likewise key determinants (for instance single ladies or ladies married to American men are well on the way to get work). These discoveries are affirmed by the nation of origin of the migrant ladies, as female migrants from Middle East and South Asia, and North-Africa have a lower labor market and low cooperation rate than female migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, East Asia, and the Caribbean. It is a criterion that likewise effect on compensation levels for women (Yen, Khoo Choon, et al.).

Looking for alaska plot analysis Essay Example

Looking for alaska plot analysis Essay Sixteen year old Miles twin passions are reading biographies and collecting the last words of the famous. Deciding to search for, in the last words of the great Francois Rabelais, the great perhaps, Miles leaves his family in Florida and moves to Alabama to complete his final two years of school at Culver Creek Preparatory School. Miles is befriended by his gifted roommate, Chip, who prefers the name The Colonel, and included in the Colonels group of friends, among them Alaska, vibrant, charismatic and dynamic, but also deeply depressed. Alaska is not only brilliant at devising pranks, but drinks and has sexual intercourse. When Miles falls for (and lusts after) Alaska, she becomes critical to his story. Slowly the reader builds a picture of the main characters as each reveals their story. When Alaska dies in a car crash, her favorite last line from Simon Bolivar, How will I ever get out of this labyrinth? takes on a poignant meaning. The story changes as Miles and the Colonel come to terms with the loss of a friend who was central to their lives. Only by discovering the real ause of Alaskas death can they overcome their guilt at surviving her. John Greens masterpiece revolves around a night that plays a central role and an important part in this whole young adult fiction. This can be seen as the book starts at 136 days before a particular moment in the book, and as the countdown goes on, building up the suspense throughout till the last page of the book. The whole plot of the book can be divided into the following categories as it takes its turns and twists. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for alaska plot analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for alaska plot analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for alaska plot analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Exposition The novel begins introducing Miles Halter as an introverted kid who is beginning his irst year at Culver Creek High School as a Junior. His roommate, Chip The Colonel gives Miles the nickname of Pudge introduces him to the school. The Colonel takes Pudge to meet his longtime friend, Alaska, whom Pudge develops feelings for. Rising Action Alaska sets up a pre-prank on the Weekday Warriors; they hacked a computer and sent progress reports home to Weekday Warriors parents, telling them they were failing. That night, Alaska shares with her friends that she watched her mother die when she was a child because she was too afraid to do anything. Pudge and Alaska ake out, even though she has a boyfriend, and later states that shes too tired and ends it for the moment saying To be continued? Alaska then starts crying, and says that she has to leave, but Pudge and the colonel are too confused and drunk to function sanely, and hence cause a distraction so Alaska could sneak out of the campus grounds. Climax Alaskas death was the climax of the story. The boys were taken in shock because neither of them was expecting it. Alaska seemed fine the last time they saw her, so they were completely in awe at the news they received. Things werent the same without Alaska; there was a soft feeling of depression and loss that blanketed the entire school. Pudge and The Colonel started questioning everyone around them, while trying to get to the bottom of the situation, decode her death and find who was her death because both of them were hurt and wounded, clueless of what to do to solve the situation. Falling Action Pudge and the Colonel go through depression; they feel guilty for Alaskas death, for letting her go. They devote their time trying to decipher Alaskas impetus to kill erself, then they find out that the day before that night was the day Alaskas mom had died, and shed forgotten, shed been going to put flowers on her mothers grave. Resolution Pudge and the Colonel decide to pull one last prank worthy of Alaska. On Speaker Day, a day when the class gets to pick a speaker for the whole school to listen to, they hire a male stripper who strips in front of the school. Throughout the story, there were two quotes that has been the central theme. l go to seek a Great Perhaps. Last words of Francois Rabelais and How will I ever get out of his labyrinth? , Last words of Simon Bolivar. The possibility of finding the great perhaps was the reason Pudge moved from his home in Florida to Alabama where through his adventurous Journey he came across his next mystery through Alaska, the words of Simon Bolivar, The Labyrinth of life. Simon Bolivars last words played an important role till the end of th e story where finally Pudge finds the light in the darkness; the moment of enlightment that he was seeking all along! In the end, Pudge finds the meaning of the Great Perhaps. The labyrinth of life has no end.